المصادر المعينة على فهم كتب المدينة
الْكِتَابُ الثَّانِي مِنْ سِلْسِلَةِ تَعْلِيمِ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ لِغَيْرِ النَّاطِقِينَ بِهَا - الْمُسْتَوَى الْمُتَوَسِّطُ
The second book in the Arabic language learning series for non-native speakers - Intermediate level
الدَّرْسُ التَّاسِعُ
Lesson 9
يُعَرِّفُ هَذَا الدَّرْسُ بِفِعْلِ التَّعَجُّبِ وَصِيغَتِهِ، الْمُنَادَى الْمُفْرَدِ وَالْمُضَافِ وَأَحْكَامِهِمَا، إِعْرَابِ جَمْعِ الْمُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمِ، دُخُولِ هَمْزَةِ الِاسْتِفْهَامِ عَلَى الـْمُعَرَّفِ بِـ "ال"، ضَمَائِرِ النَّصْبِ الْمُتَّصِلَةِ، حَذْفِ أَلِفِ "مَا" الِاسْتِفْهَامِيَّةِ، وَالْأَسْمَاءِ الْمَوْصُولَةِ لِلْجَمْعِ وَالْمُثَنَّى.
This lesson introduces the verb of exclamation and its pattern, the singular and annexed vocative and their rules, the declension of the sound feminine plural, the interrogative Hamzah with nouns defined by "ال", attached accusative pronouns, the omission of alif from interrogative "مَا", and relative pronouns for plural and dual.
التَّعَجُّبُ: هُوَ الشُّعُورُ بِجَمَالِ الشَّيْءِ، أَوْ قُبْحِهِ. يَأْتِي عَلَى وَزْنِ (مَا أَفْعَلَهُ!). مَا أَجْمَلَ الْوَرْدَةَ!
Expresses wonder at beauty or ugliness. Formed on the pattern مَا أَفْعَلَهُ! (e.g., "How beautiful the rose is!"). The noun after it is accusative.
الْمُنَادَى الْمُفْرَدُ: مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى الضَّمِّ (يَا مُحَمَّدُ). الْمُنَادَى الْمُضَافُ: مَنْصُوبٌ بِالْفَتْحَةِ (يَا عَبْدَ اللهِ).
Singular (non-annexed) vocative is built on ḍammah (e.g., "O Muhammad!"). Annexed (muḍāf) vocative is accusative (e.g., "O Abdullah!").
يُرْفَعُ بِالضَّمَّةِ (جَاءَتِ الطَّالِبَاتُ)، وَيُنْصَبُ بِالْكَسْرَةِ (رَأَيْتُ الطَّالِبَاتِ)، وَيُجَرُّ بِالْكَسْرَةِ (مَرَرْتُ بِالطَّالِبَاتِ).
Nominative with ḍammah (e.g., "The female students came"). Accusative with kasrah (e.g., "I saw the female students"). Genitive with kasrah (e.g., "I passed by the female students").
أَ + الْـ -> آلْـ. الْبَحَّارُ؟ -> آلْبَحَّارُ؟ الْآنَ؟ -> آلْآنَ؟
When the interrogative Hamzah (أَ) precedes a noun starting with "ال", it combines to form "آلـ". Example: "The sailor?" -> "Is it the sailor?". "Now?" -> "Is it now?".
يَاءُ الْمُتَكَلِّمِ: خَلَقَنِي اللهُ. كَافُ الْمُخَاطَبِ: خَلَقَكَ اللهُ. هَاءُ الْغَائِبِ: خَلَقَهُ اللهُ. (هَذِهِ الضَّمَائِرُ وَقَعَتْ مَفْعُولًا بِهِ).
These are object pronouns: ـنِي (me), ـكَ (you m.sg.), ـكِ (you f.sg.), ـهُ (him/it), ـهَا (her/it), etc. Example: "God created me" (-nī is the object).
تُحْذَفُ أَلِفُ "مَا" الِاسْتِفْهَامِيَّةِ إِذَا دَخَلَ عَلَيْهَا حَرْفُ جَرٍّ. مِنْ + مَا = مِمَّ؟ عَنْ + مَا = عَمَّ؟ بِـ + مَا = بِمَ؟ لِـ + مَا = لِمَ؟
The alif of interrogative "مَا" (what?) is dropped if preceded by a preposition. Examples: مِنْ + مَا -> مِمَّ (from what?), لِ + مَا -> لِمَ (for what?/why?).
جَمْعُ مُذَكَّرٍ: الَّذِينَ. جَمْعُ مُؤَنَّثٍ: اللَّاتِي (أَوْ: اللَّائِي). مُثَنَّى مُذَكَّرٍ: اللَّذَانِ. مُثَنَّى مُؤَنَّثٍ: اللَّتَانِ.
Masculine Plural: الَّذِينَ (those who/which). Feminine Plural: اللَّاتِي or اللَّائِي (those who/which). Masculine Dual: اللَّذَانِ (the two who/which). Feminine Dual: اللَّتَانِ (the two who/which).