المصادر المعينة على فهم كتب المدينة
الْكِتَابُ الثَّانِي مِنْ سِلْسِلَةِ تَعْلِيمِ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ لِغَيْرِ النَّاطِقِينَ بِهَا - الْمُسْتَوَى الْمُتَوَسِّطُ
The second book in the Arabic language learning series for non-native speakers - Intermediate level
الدَّرْسُ الثَّامِنُ
Lesson 8
يُقَدِّمُ هَذَا الدَّرْسُ جَدْوَلًا مُلَخَّصًا لِإِسْنَادِ الْفِعْلِ الْمَاضِي إِلَى الضَّمَائِرِ الْمُخْتَلِفَةِ، مُبَيِّنًا الْفَاعِلَ فِي كُلِّ حَالَةٍ. كَمَا يُصَنِّفُ الضَّمَائِرَ إِلَى مُسْتَتِرَةٍ وَبَارِزَةٍ، وَمُتَّصِلَةٍ وَمُنْفَصِلَةٍ.
This lesson presents a summary table for assigning the past tense verb to various pronouns, indicating the doer in each case. It also categorizes pronouns into hidden and apparent, and attached and detached.
الْغَائِبُ: ذَهَبَ (هُوَ)، ذَهَبَتْ (هِيَ)، ذَهَبُوا (وَاوُ الْجَمَاعَةِ)، ذَهَبْنَ (نُونُ النِّسْوَةِ). الْمُخَاطَبُ: ذَهَبْتَ، ذَهَبْتِ، ذَهَبْتُمْ، ذَهَبْتُنَّ (الْفَاعِلُ: التَّاءُ). الْمُتَكَلِّمُ: ذَهَبْتُ (التَّاءُ)، ذَهَبْنَا (نَا).
A table summarizing past tense conjugation: 3rd person (he went, she went, they m. went, they f. went), 2nd person (you m.sg. went, you f.sg. went, you m.pl. went, you f.pl. went - doer is Tāʾ), 1st person (I went - doer is Tāʾ, we went - doer is Nā).
ذَهَبَتْ: التَّاءُ السَّاكِنَةُ عَلَامَةُ التَّأْنِيثِ، وَلَيْسَتْ ضَمِيرًا. ذَهَبْتُمْ: الْمِيمُ عَلَامَةُ جَمْعِ الْمُذَكَّرِ. ذَهَبْتُنَّ: النُّونُ الْمُشَدَّدَةُ عَلَامَةُ جَمْعِ الْمُؤَنَّثِ.
Clarifies that the silent "تْ" in ذَهَبَتْ is a feminine marker, not a pronoun. The "مْ" in ذَهَبْتُمْ is a masculine plural marker. The "نَّ" in ذَهَبْتُنَّ is a feminine plural marker.
ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ (مَخْفِيٌّ): الطَّالِبُ خَرَجَ (تَقْدِيرُهُ: هُوَ). ضَمِيرٌ بَارِزٌ (ظَاهِرٌ): خَرَجْتُ، خَرَجُوا، خَرَجْنَ.
Pronouns can be hidden (mustatir), e.g., in "The student left" (he is implied), or apparent (bāriz), e.g., "I left", "they left".
ضَمَائِرُ مُتَّصِلَةٌ: تُكْتَبُ وَتُنْطَقُ مُتَّصِلَةً بِالْفِعْلِ (التَّاءُ، وَاوُ الْجَمَاعَةِ...). ضَمَائِرُ مُنْفَصِلَةٌ: تُكْتَبُ وَتُنْطَقُ وَحْدَهَا (أَنَا، نَحْنُ، أَنْتَ...).
Pronouns can be attached (muttaṣilah), written connected to the verb (e.g., Tāʾ, Wāw al-jamāʿah), or detached (munfaṣilah), written and pronounced separately (e.g., I, we, you).