المصادر المعينة على فهم كتب المدينة
الْكِتَابُ الثَّانِي مِنْ سِلْسِلَةِ تَعْلِيمِ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ لِغَيْرِ النَّاطِقِينَ بِهَا - الْمُسْتَوَى الْمُتَوَسِّطُ
The second book in the Arabic language learning series for non-native speakers - Intermediate level
الدَّرْسُ الْأَوَّلُ
Lesson 1
يُقَدِّمُ هَذَا الدَّرْسُ حَرْفَيْ النَّصْبِ "إِنَّ" وَ "لَعَلَّ" وَعَمَلَهُمَا، كَيْفِيَّةَ دُخُولِهِمَا عَلَى الضَّمَائِرِ وَالْأَسْمَاءِ الظَّاهِرَةِ، مَعْنَى "أَمْ" لِلتَّخْيِيرِ، الِاسْتِفْهَامَ بِالْهَمْزَةِ لِطَلَبِ التَّعْيِينِ، اسْمَ "ذُو" وَمُشْتَقَّاتِهِ، الِاسْمَ الْمَنْقُوصَ، وَقَوَاعِدَ الْعَدَدَيْنِ مِائَةٍ وَأَلْفٍ.
This lesson introduces the particles "إِنَّ" (inna) and "لَعَلَّ" (la‘alla) and their function, how they attach to pronouns and explicit nouns, the meaning of "أَمْ" (am) for choosing, interrogation with Hamzah for specification, the noun "ذُو" (dhu) and its forms, the defective noun, and rules for the numbers 100 and 1000.
إِنَّ: حَرْفُ نَصْبٍ، يَنْصِبُ الِاسْمَ، وَيَرْفَعُ الْخَبَرَ. لَعَلَّ: حَرْفُ نَصْبٍ، يَنْصِبُ الِاسْمَ، وَيَرْفَعُ الْخَبَرَ. تُفِيدُ إِنَّ: التَّوْكِيدَ، وتفيدُ لَعَلَّ: التَّرَجِّيَ.
"إِنَّ" (inna) and "لَعَلَّ" (la‘alla) are particles that make the following noun (Ism) accusative (مَنْصُوب) and the predicate (Khabar) nominative (مَرْفُوع). "إِنَّ" signifies emphasis, and "لَعَلَّ" signifies hope or perhaps.
إِنَّ + أَنَا = إِنَّنِي (أَوْ: إِنِّي). إِنَّ + نَحْنُ = إِنَّنَا (أَوْ: إِنَّا). إِنَّ + أَنْتَ = إِنَّكَ. إِنَّ + هُوَ = إِنَّهُ.
Examples of "إِنَّ" attaching to pronouns: إِنَّنِي (indeed I), إِنَّنَا (indeed we), إِنَّكَ (indeed you - m.sg.), إِنَّهُ (indeed he).
لَعَلَّ + أَنَا = لَعَلِّي. لَعَلَّ + نَحْنُ = لَعَلَّنَا. لَعَلَّ + أَنْتَ = لَعَلَّكَ. لَعَلَّ + هُوَ = لَعَلَّهُ.
Examples of "لَعَلَّ" attaching to pronouns: لَعَلِّي (perhaps I), لَعَلَّنَا (perhaps we), لَعَلَّكَ (perhaps you - m.sg.), لَعَلَّهُ (perhaps he).
إِنَّ الْمُدَرِّسَ جَدِيدٌ. لَعَلَّ الْخَبَرَ صَحِيحٌ. اسْمُ إِنَّ/لَعَلَّ: مَنْصُوبٌ بِالْفَتْحَةِ، وَخَبَرُهَا مَرْفُوعٌ بِالضَّمَّةِ.
With explicit nouns, the Ism of "إِنَّ" or "لَعَلَّ" is accusative (e.g., "al-mudarrisa", "al-khabara") and the Khabar is nominative (e.g., "jadīdun", "ṣaḥīḥun").
أَمْ: حَرْفُ عَطْفٍ يَأْتِي مَعَ هَمْزَةِ التَّعْيِينِ. أَمُجْتَهِدٌ أَنْتَ أَمْ كَسْلَانُ؟
"أَمْ" is a conjunction used with the interrogative Hamzah (for specification) to offer a choice between two options. Example: "Are you hardworking or lazy?"
أَمِنَ الْهِنْدِ أَنْتَ أَمْ مِنْ بَاكِسْتَانَ؟ الْجَوَابُ: أَنَا مِنَ الْهِنْدِ. (لَيْسَ جَوَابُهَا نَعَمْ، أَوْ لَا).
The interrogative Hamzah (أَ) when used for specification requires a specific answer from the choices given, not a "yes" or "no". Example: "Are you from India or from Pakistan?" Answer: "I am from India."
ذُو: اسْمٌ مِنَ الْأَسْمَاءِ الْخَمْسَةِ، مَرْفُوعٌ بِالْوَاوِ. الِاسْمُ الَّذِي بَعْدَهُ مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ. مُؤَنَّثُهُ: ذَاتُ. جَمْعُهُ الْمُذَكَّرُ: ذَوُو. جَمْعُهُ الْمُؤَنَّثُ: ذَوَاتُ. هَذَا الرَّجُلُ ذُو خُلُقٍ.
"ذُو" is one of the Five Nouns, nominative with a "wāw". The noun following it is always genitive (muḍāf ilayhi). Feminine: ذَاتُ. Masculine Plural: ذَوُو. Feminine Plural: ذَوَاتُ. Example: "This man is of good character."
اسْمٌ آخِرُهُ يَاءٌ مَكْسُورٌ مَا قَبْلَهَا، نَحْوُ: الْغَالِي، الْقَاضِي. تُحْذَفُ يَاؤُهَا إِذَا حُذِفَتْ (ال)، تَقُولُ: غَالٍ، قَاضٍ. (هَذَا التَّنْوِينُ يُسَمَّى تَنْوِينَ عِوَضٍ).
A noun ending in a "yāʾ" preceded by a kasrah (e.g., الْقَاضِي - the judge). If indefinite and in the nominative or genitive case, its "yāʾ" is dropped and it takes "tanwīn ʿiwaḍ" (e.g., قَاضٍ).
الْعَدَدَانِ مِائَةٌ، وَأَلْفُ: الِاسْمُ الَّذِي بَعْدَهُمَا مُفْرَدٌ مَجْرُورٌ بِالْإِضَافَةِ. لَا يَخْتَلِفُ لَفْظُهُ مَعَ الْمُذَكَّرِ وَالْمُؤَنَّثِ. مِائَةُ رَجُلٍ، مِائَةُ امْرَأَةٍ.
The counted noun (maʿdūd) following 100 (مِائَة) and 1000 (أَلْف) is singular and in the genitive case (muḍāf ilayhi). The form of مِائَة and أَلْف does not change based on the gender of the counted noun.