المصادر المعينة على فهم كتب المدينة
الْكِتَابُ الثَّانِي مِنْ سِلْسِلَةِ تَعْلِيمِ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ لِغَيْرِ النَّاطِقِينَ بِهَا - الْمُسْتَوَى الْمُتَوَسِّطُ
The second book in the Arabic language learning series for non-native speakers - Intermediate level
الدَّرْسُ الثَّالِثُ
Lesson 3
يُقَدِّمُ هَذَا الدَّرْسُ اسْمَ التَّفْضِيلِ وَصِيَاغَتَهُ، الْحَرْفَيْنِ "لَكِنَّ" وَ "كَأَنَّ" وَعَمَلَهُمَا، الْأَعْدَادَ الْمُرَكَّبَةَ (١١-١٩) وَأَلْفَاظَ الْعُقُودِ (٢٠-٩٠) وَقَوَاعِدَهَا مَعَ الْمَعْدُودِ، الْعَدَدَ التَّرْتِيبِيَّ، الِاسْتِفْهَامَ الْمَنْفِيَّ، وَ "أَيُّهُمَا".
This lesson introduces the noun of preference (comparative/superlative) and its formation, the particles "لَكِنَّ" (but) and "كَأَنَّ" (as if), compound numbers (11-19) and tens (20-90) with their rules for the counted noun, ordinal numbers, negated interrogation, and "أَيُّهُمَا" (which of the two).
اسْمٌ يُصَاغُ عَلَى وَزْنِ أَفْعَلَ. ١- أَنْ يَكُونَ نَكِرَةً، وَبَعْدَهُ حَرْفُ الْجَرِّ مِنْ (مُحَمَّدٌ أَفْضَلُ مِنْ خَالِدٍ). ٢- أَنْ يَكُونَ نَكِرَةً مُضَافًا إِلَى نَكِرَةٍ (مُحَمَّدٌ أَحْسَنُ طَالِبٍ). اسْمُ التَّفْضِيلِ مُفْرَدٌ مُذَكَّرٌ دَائِمًا فِي هَاتَيْنِ الصُّورَتَيْنِ وَمَمْنُوعٌ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ.
The noun of preference (comparative/superlative) is usually formed on the pattern أَفْعَلُ (e.g., أَكْبَرُ - bigger/biggest). Two forms are discussed: 1. Indefinite + مِنْ (min) (e.g., "Muhammad is better than Khalid"). 2. Indefinite annexed to an indefinite noun (e.g., "Muhammad is the best student"). In these forms, the noun of preference is always singular masculine and is a diptote (does not take tanween).
لَكِنَّ، وَكَأَنَّ: حَرْفَانِ مِنْ أَخَوَاتِ إِنَّ (تَنْصِبُ الِاسْمَ، وَتَرْفَعُ الْخَبَرَ). لَكِنَّ: تُفِيدُ الِاسْتِدْرَاكَ. كَأَنَّ: تُفِيدُ التَّشْبِيهَ. الطُّلَّابُ كَثِيرٌ لَكِنَّ الْفَصْلَ صَغِيرٌ. هُوَ زَمِيلُكَ، كَأَنَّهُ أَخُوكَ.
"لَكِنَّ" (but) and "كَأَنَّ" (as if/it seems) are particles from the "sisters of inna". They make the Ism accusative and the Khabar nominative. "لَكِنَّ" is for contrast/rectification. "كَأَنَّ" is for simile/likeness.
الْأَعْدَادُ مِنْ ١١ إِلَى ١٩. الْعَدَدَانِ (١١ وَ ١٢) يُوَافِقَانِ الْمَعْدُودَ. الْأَعْدَادُ مِنْ (١٣ إِلَى ١٩) الْجُزْءُ الْأَوَّلُ يُخَالِفُ الْمَعْدُودَ، وَالْجُزْءُ الثَّانِي يُوَافِقُ. أَلْفَاظُ الْعُقُودِ (٢٠، ٣٠...٩٠) لَا تَتَغَيَّرُ مَعَ الْمَعْدُودِ. الْمَعْدُودُ مَنْصُوبٌ دَائِمًا (تَمْيِيزٌ).
Numbers 11-12: Both parts agree in gender with the counted noun. Numbers 13-19: The first part (units) disagrees in gender, the second part (tens) agrees. Tens (20, 30...90): Maintain one form. The counted noun (maʿdūd) for numbers 11-99 is singular, accusative, and called "tamyīz" (specification).
وَصْفٌ لِتَرْتِيبِ الْأَشْيَاءِ. الْأَوَّلُ، الثَّانِي... يُوَافِقُ الْمَعْدُودَ. هَذَا الدَّرْسُ الْأَوَّلُ.
Ordinal numbers (first, second, etc.) describe the order of things and agree with the noun they describe in gender, case, and definiteness. Example: "The first lesson."
هَمْزَةُ الِاسْتِفْهَامِ + نَفْي = أَلَيْسَ؟ جَوَابُهُ فِي الْإِثْبَاتِ: بَلَى. وَفِي النَّفْي: نَعَمْ. أَلَسْتَ طَالِبًا؟ بَلَى (أَنَا طَالِبٌ). / نَعَمْ (لَسْتُ طَالِبًا).
A question containing a negative particle (e.g., أَلَيْسَ؟ - Isn't it?). Affirmative answer: بَلَى (Yes, indeed it is). Negative answer (confirming the negation): نَعَمْ (Yes, it is not / No, I am not).
أَيُّ + هُمَا (ضَمِيرُ الْغَائِبِ لِلْمُثَنَّى). يُسْتَعْمَلُ لِلْعَاقِلِ، وَغَيْرِهِ. هَذَانِ طَالِبَانِ. أَيُّهُمَا أَطْوَلُ؟
Used to ask "which one" when referring to two items/people. "أَيُّ" (which) + "هُمَا" (them two). Example: "These are two students. Which of them is taller?"