المصادر المعينة على فهم كتب المدينة
الْكِتَابُ الثَّانِي مِنْ سِلْسِلَةِ تَعْلِيمِ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ لِغَيْرِ النَّاطِقِينَ بِهَا - الْمُسْتَوَى الْمُتَوَسِّطُ
The second book in the Arabic language learning series for non-native speakers - Intermediate level
الدَّرْسُ الْعَاشِرُ
Lesson 10
يُقَارِنُ هَذَا الدَّرْسُ بَيْنَ الْفِعْلِ الْمَاضِي وَالْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ وَأَحْكَامِهِمَا الْإِعْرَابِيَّةِ الْأَسَاسِيَّةِ. كَمَا يُعِيدُ النَّظَرَ فِي الْأَعْدَادِ الْمَعْطُوفَةِ (٢١-٩٩) وَأَلْفَاظِ الْعُقُودِ، وَيُقَدِّمُ بَعْضَ أَبْوَابِ تَصْرِيفِ الْأَفْعَالِ مِنَ الْمَاضِي إِلَى الْمُضَارِعِ.
This lesson compares the past tense verb and the present tense verb and their basic declension rules. It revisits coordinated numbers (21-99) and tens, and introduces some patterns for conjugating verbs from past to present.
مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى الْفَتْحَةِ (فِي أَصْلِهِ). نَحْوُ: ذَهَبَ، كَتَبَ.
The past tense verb is fundamentally built on fatḥah (e.g., ذَهَبَ - he went).
مَرْفُوعٌ بِالضَّمَّةِ (فِي أَصْلِهِ). نَحْوُ: يَذْهَبُ، يَكْتُبُ.
The present tense verb is fundamentally nominative with ḍammah (e.g., يَذْهَبُ - he goes).
مِنْ ٢١ إِلَى ٩٩. الْجُزْءُ الْأَوَّلُ (١-٩)، الْجُزْءُ الثَّانِي أَلْفَاظُ الْعُقُودِ. الْعَدَدَانِ ١ وَ ٢ يُوَافِقَانِ الْمَعْدُودَ. الْأَعْدَادُ مِنْ ٣ إِلَى ٩ تُخَالِفُ الْمَعْدُودَ. أَلْفَاظُ الْعُقُودِ لَا تَتَغَيَّرُ. وَاحِدٌ وَعِشْرُونَ طَالِبًا. إِحْدَى وَعِشْرُونَ طَالِبَةً. ثَلَاثَةٌ وَعِشْرُونَ فُنْدُقًا. ثَلَاثٌ وَعِشْرُونَ حَدِيقَةً.
Numbers from 21 to 99. The first part (units 1-9) follows agreement/disagreement rules: 1 and 2 agree with the counted noun in gender; 3-9 disagree. The second part (tens) does not change for gender. The counted noun is singular accusative.
١- فَعَلَ -> يَفْعَلُ (ذَهَبَ -> يَذْهَبُ). ٢- فَعَلَ -> يَفْعُلُ (كَتَبَ -> يَكْتُبُ). ٣- فَعَلَ -> يَفْعِلُ (جَلَسَ -> يَجْلِسُ). ٤- فَعِلَ -> يَفْعَلُ (سَمِعَ -> يَسْمَعُ).
Common patterns for deriving present tense from past tense: e.g., فَعَلَ -> يَفْعَلُ (dhahaba -> yadhhabu), فَعَلَ -> يَفْعُلُ (kataba -> yaktubu).