المصادر المعينة على فهم كتب المدينة
الْكِتَابُ الثَّانِي مِنْ سِلْسِلَةِ تَعْلِيمِ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ لِغَيْرِ النَّاطِقِينَ بِهَا - الْمُسْتَوَى الْمُتَوَسِّطُ
The second book in the Arabic language learning series for non-native speakers - Intermediate level
الدَّرْسُ الثَّانِي
Lesson 2
يَتَنَاوَلُ هَذَا الدَّرْسُ الْفِعْلَ النَّاقِصَ "لَيْسَ" وَعَمَلَهُ، وَإِمْكَانِيَّةَ دُخُولِ حَرْفِ الْجَرِّ "الْبَاءُ" عَلَى خَبَرِهِ. كَمَا يُنَاقِشُ جَوَازَ تَقْدِيمِ خَبَرِ "إِنَّ" عَلَى اسْمِهَا إِذَا كَانَ جَارًّا وَمَجْرُورًا.
This lesson covers the defective verb "لَيْسَ" (laysa - is not) and its function, including the possibility of the preposition "بِ" (bi) entering its predicate. It also discusses the permissibility of the predicate of "إِنَّ" preceding its subject if it is a prepositional phrase.
لَيْسَ: فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ نَاقِصٌ، يَرْفَعُ الِاسْمَ، وَيَنْصِبُ الْخَبَرَ. مَعْنَاهَا: النَّفْيُ. الْبَابُ مُغْلَقٌ -> لَيْسَ الْبَابُ مُغْلَقًا.
"لَيْسَ" is a defective past tense verb (from the "sisters of kāna") meaning "is not/are not". It makes its subject (Ism) nominative and its predicate (Khabar) accusative. Example: "The door is closed" -> "The door is not closed".
يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ حَرْفُ الْجَرِّ (الْبَاءُ) عَلَى خَبَرِ لَيْسَ. حَامِدٌ لَيْسَ طَالِبًا، وَيَجُوزُ: حَامِدٌ لَيْسَ بِطَالِبٍ. فَائِدَةُ حَرْفِ الْجَرِّ (الْبَاءُ) التَّوْكِيدُ.
The preposition "بِ" (bi) can be added to the predicate of "لَيْسَ" for emphasis. The predicate becomes genitive in form but remains accusative in grammatical position. Example: "Hamid is not a student" can also be "Hamid is not a student (emphatic)".
يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَكُونَ اسْمُ لَيْسَ ضَمِيرًا. أَنَا لَسْتُ مُدَرِّسًا (اسْمُ لَيْسَ: التَّاءُ). الطُّلَّابُ لَيْسُوا صِغَارًا (اسْمُ لَيْسَ: وَاوُ الْجَمَاعَةِ).
The subject of "لَيْسَ" can be an explicit noun or a pronoun (hidden or attached). Examples: "I am not a teacher" (subject is "تُ"). "The students are not young" (subject is "وا").
يَجُوزُ تَقْدِيمُ خَبَرِ إِنَّ عَلَى اسْمِهَا إِذَا كَانَ الْخَبَرُ جَارًّا وَمَجْرُورًا. لِي ثَلَاثُ أَخَوَاتٍ -> إِنَّ لِي ثَلَاثَ أَخَوَاتٍ.
The predicate (Khabar) of "إِنَّ" can precede its subject (Ism) if the predicate is a prepositional phrase (jārr wa-majrūr). Example: "I have three sisters" -> "Indeed, I have three sisters."