المصادر المعينة على فهم كتب المدينة
الْكِتَابُ الثَّانِي مِنْ سِلْسِلَةِ تَعْلِيمِ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ لِغَيْرِ النَّاطِقِينَ بِهَا - الْمُسْتَوَى الْمُتَوَسِّطُ
The second book in the Arabic language learning series for non-native speakers - Intermediate level
الدَّرْسُ الْخَامِسُ
Lesson 5
يُعَرِّفُ هَذَا الدَّرْسُ بِالْفَاعِلِ وَالْمَفْعُولِ بِهِ وَأَحْكَامِهِمَا الْإِعْرَابِيَّةِ. كَمَا يُوَضِّحُ كَيْفَ تَكُونُ الضَّمَائِرُ الْمُتَّصِلَةُ فَاعِلاً أَوْ مَفْعُولاً بِهِ.
This lesson defines the doer (الْفَاعِلُ) and the object (الْمَفْعُولُ بِهِ) and their case endings. It also clarifies how attached pronouns can function as doers or objects.
اسْمٌ مَرْفُوعٌ قَبْلَهُ فِعْلٌ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي فَعَلَ الْفِعْلَ. قَرَأَ الطَّالِبُ الْقُرْآنَ (الطَّالِبُ: فَاعِلٌ).
The doer (fāʿil) is a nominative noun (or pronoun) that performs the action of the verb. Example: "The student read the Quran" (الطَّالِبُ is the doer).
اسْمٌ مَنْصُوبٌ وَقَعَ عَلَيْهِ فِعْلُ الْفَاعِلِ. قَرَأَ الطَّالِبُ الْقُرْآنَ (الْقُرْآنَ: مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ).
The object (mafʿūl bihi) is an accusative noun (or pronoun) upon which the action of the verb is performed. Example: "The student read the Quran" (الْقُرْآنَ is the object).
كَتَبْتُ الْوَاجِبَ (التَّاءُ: فَاعِلٌ). كَتَبُوا (وَاوُ الْجَمَاعَةِ: فَاعِلٌ). ذَهَبْنَ (نُونُ النِّسْوَةِ: فَاعِلٌ).
Attached pronouns can be doers: Tāʾ in كَتَبْتُ (I wrote), Wāw in كَتَبُوا (they m. wrote), Nūn in ذَهَبْنَ (they f. went).
مَنْ فَتَحَ الْبَابَ؟ أَنَا فَتَحْتُهُ (الْهَاءُ: مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ). مَنْ فَتَحَ النَّافِذَةَ؟ أَنَا فَتَحْتُهَا (هَا: مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ).
Attached pronouns like ـهُ (him/it) and ـهَا (her/it) function as objects when attached to a verb. Example: "I opened it" (ـهُ or ـهَا is the object).
حَرْفٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّ مَا بَعْدَهُ مُؤَنَّثٌ. غَسَلَتْ آمِنَةُ الثَّوْبَ.
The tāʾ at-taʾnīth (ـَتْ) is a letter indicating the doer is feminine, not a pronoun itself. Example: "Amina washed the garment."