المصادر المعينة على فهم كتب المدينة
الْكِتَابُ الثَّانِي مِنْ سِلْسِلَةِ تَعْلِيمِ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ لِغَيْرِ النَّاطِقِينَ بِهَا - الْمُسْتَوَى الْمُتَوَسِّطُ
The second book in the Arabic language learning series for non-native speakers - Intermediate level
الدَّرْسُ التَّاسِعُ وَالْعِشْرُونَ
Lesson 29
يُفَصِّلُ هَذَا الدَّرْسُ الْفِعْلَ الْمُضَعَّفَ وَإِسْنَادَهُ إِلَى الضَّمَائِرِ فِي الْأَزْمِنَةِ الثَّلَاثَةِ، مُوَضِّحًا مَتَى يَجِبُ فَكُّ الْإِدْغَامِ وَمَتَى يَجُوزُ. كَمَا يُقَدِّمُ ظَرْفَيِ الزَّمَانِ "قَطُّ" وَ "أَبَدًا"، وَالْفِعْلَيْنِ الْأَجْوَفَيْنِ "طَابَ" وَ "لَانَ" وَاسْمَيِ التَّفْضِيلِ مِنْهُمَا.
This lesson details the doubled verb (al-muḍaʿʿaf) and its assignment to pronouns in the three tenses, explaining when the assimilation (idghām) must be released and when it is permissible. It also introduces the adverbs of time "قَطُّ" (ever - with past negative) and "أَبَدًا" (ever/never - with future), and the hollow verbs "طَابَ" (to be good) and "لَانَ" (to be soft) and their nouns of preference.
هُوَ مَا كَانَتْ عَيْنُهُ وَلَامُهُ مِنْ جِنْسٍ وَاحِدٍ. مَاضِي: عَدَّ (أَصْلُهُ: عَدَدَ). مُضَارِعٌ: يَعُدُّ (أَصْلُهُ: يَعْدُدُ).
A doubled verb (muḍaʿʿaf) has its second and third radicals being the same letter, which are then assimilated with a shaddah. Example: عَدَّ (he counted - originally عَدَدَ); يَعُدُّ (he counts - originally يَعْدُدُ).
عَدَّ، عَدَّتْ، عَدُّوا (يَجِبُ الْإِدْغَامُ). عَدَدْتَ، عَدَدْتِ، عَدَدْتُ، عَدَدْنَا، عَدَدْتُمْ، عَدَدْتُنَّ، عَدَدْنَ (يَجِبُ فَكُّ الْإِدْغَامِ مَعَ تَاءِ الْفَاعِلِ وَنَا وَنُونِ النِّسْوَةِ).
Past tense: Assimilation (idghām) is maintained (عَدَّ - he counted) unless attached to tāʾ al-fāʿil, nā, or nūn an-niswah, in which case the assimilation is released (عَدَدْتُ - I counted).
الْمَرْفُوعُ/الْمَنْصُوبُ: يَعُدُّ، لَنْ يَعُدَّ (يَبْقَى الْإِدْغَامُ). الْمَجْزُومُ: لَمْ يَعُدَّ (أَوْ لَمْ يَعْدُدْ - يَجُوزُ الْإِدْغَامُ وَالْفَكُّ). مَعَ نُونِ النِّسْوَةِ: يَعْدُدْنَ (يَجِبُ فَكُّ الْإِدْغَامِ).
Present tense: Assimilation is generally maintained (يَعُدُّ - he counts; لَنْ يَعُدَّ - he will not count). In the jussive case, assimilation can be maintained (لَمْ يَعُدَّ - with fatḥah for ease of pronunciation) or released (لَمْ يَعْدُدْ). With nūn an-niswah, assimilation is released (يَعْدُدْنَ).
عُدَّ (أَوْ اُعْدُدْ - يَجُوزُ الْإِدْغَامُ وَالْفَكُّ). عُدِّي، عُدُّوا (يَبْقَى الْإِدْغَامُ، مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى حَذْفِ النُّونِ). اُعْدُدْنَ (يَجِبُ فَكُّ الْإِدْغَامِ مَعَ نُونِ النِّسْوَةِ).
Imperative: For m.sg., assimilation can be maintained (عُدَّ - count!) or released (اُعْدُدْ). With yāʾ al-mukhāṭabah and wāw al-jamāʿah, assimilation is maintained (عُدِّي, عُدُّوا). With nūn an-niswah, assimilation is released (اُعْدُدْنَ).
قَطُّ: ظَرْفُ زَمَانٍ مُخْتَصٌّ بِالزَّمَنِ الْمَاضِي، وَيُسْبَقُ بِالنَّفْيِ (مَا شَرِبْتُ الْخَمْرَ قَطُّ). أَبَدًا: ظَرْفُ زَمَانٍ مُخْتَصٌّ بِالزَّمَنِ الْمُسْتَقْبَلِ (لَنْ أَتْرُكَ الصَّلَاةَ أَبَدًا).
"قَطُّ" is an adverb of time used with the negated past, meaning "(not) ever". Example: "I have never drunk alcohol." "أَبَدًا" is an adverb of time used with the future (often negated), meaning "ever" or "never". Example: "I will never abandon prayer."
فِعْلَانِ مَاضِيَانِ أَجْوَفَانِ. اسْمُ التَّفْضِيلِ مِنْهُمَا: أَطْيَبُ، أَلْيَنُ.
"طَابَ" (to be good/pleasant) and "لَانَ" (to be soft/gentle) are hollow past tense verbs. Their nouns of preference are أَطْيَبُ (better/best) and أَلْيَنُ (softer/softest).