المصادر المعينة على فهم كتب المدينة
الْكِتَابُ الثَّانِي مِنْ سِلْسِلَةِ تَعْلِيمِ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ لِغَيْرِ النَّاطِقِينَ بِهَا - الْمُسْتَوَى الْمُتَوَسِّطُ
The second book in the Arabic language learning series for non-native speakers - Intermediate level
الدَّرْسُ السَّادِسُ وَالْعِشْرُونَ
Lesson 26
يَشْرَحُ هَذَا الدَّرْسُ الْفِعْلَ الْمُعْتَلَّ الْفَاءَ (الْمِثَالَ الْوَاوِيَّ) وَتَصْرِيفَهُ. كَمَا يُقَدِّمُ قَاعِدَةَ التَّصْغِيرِ لِلِاسْمِ الثُّلَاثِيِّ، وَصِيَاغَةَ اسْمِ التَّفْضِيلِ مِنَ الْفِعْلِ الْمُضَعَّفِ، وَتَرْكِيبَ "هَا هُوَ ذَا"، وَاسْتِخْدَامَ الْفِعْلِ "يَجِبُ"، وَمَصْدَرَ الْفِعْلِ "ذَهَبَ".
This lesson explains the assimilated verb (first radical is weak "و" - al-mithāl al-wāwī) and its conjugation. It also introduces the diminutive for triliteral nouns, forming the noun of preference from doubled verbs, the structure "هَا هُوَ ذَا" (here he is), the use of the verb "يَجِبُ" (it is necessary), and the verbal noun of "ذَهَبَ" (to go).
هُوَ الَّذِي فِي أَوَّلِهِ حَرْفُ عِلَّةٍ (وَاوٌ أَوْ يَاءٌ). إِذَا كَانَ وَاوًا (مِثَالٌ وَاوِيٌّ) وَعَيْنُ مُضَارِعِهِ مَكْسُورَةٌ، تُحْذَفُ الْوَاوُ فِي الْمُضَارِعِ وَالْأَمْرِ. وَجَدَ -> يَجِدُ (أَصْلُهُ: يَوْجِدُ) -> جِدْ. وَضَعَ -> يَضَعُ (عَيْنُ مُضَارِعِهِ مَفْتُوحَةٌ، فَلَا تُحْذَفُ الْوَاوُ).
An assimilated verb has a weak first radical ("و" or "ي"). If it's "و" (al-mithāl al-wāwī) and its present tense middle radical has a kasrah, the "و" is dropped in the present and imperative forms (e.g., وَجَدَ -> يَجِدُ -> جِدْ - to find). If the present middle radical has a fatḥah, the "و" is usually not dropped (e.g., وَضَعَ -> يَضَعُ - to put).
جَعْلُ الشَّيْءِ صَغِيرًا. تَصْغِيرُ الِاسْمِ الثُّلَاثِيِّ: عَلَى وَزْنِ (فُعَيْلٍ). وَلَدٌ -> وُلَيْدٌ. نَهْرٌ -> نُهَيْرٌ.
The diminutive form makes something small. For triliteral nouns, it is on the pattern فُعَيْلٌ. Examples: وَلَدٌ (boy) -> وُلَيْدٌ (little boy); نَهْرٌ (river) -> نُهَيْرٌ (small river).
إِذَا كَانَ الْفِعْلُ مُضَعَّفًا انْتَقَلَ التَّضْعِيفُ إِلَى اسْمِ التَّفْضِيلِ. قَلَّ (قَلِيلٌ) -> أَقَلُّ. شَدَّ (شَدِيدٌ) -> أَشَدُّ.
If the verb is doubled (mudaʿʿaf), the doubling is maintained in the noun of preference. Examples: قَلَّ (to be little) -> أَقَلُّ (less/least); شَدَّ (to be strong/intense) -> أَشَدُّ (stronger/most intense).
أَصْلُهُ: الضَّمِيرُ (هُوَ) وَاسْمُ الْإِشَارَةِ (هَذَا). فُصِلَ بَيْنَ هَاءِ التَّنْبِيهِ وَاسْمِ الْإِشَارَةِ بِالضَّمِيرِ. هَا أَنَا ذَا. هَا هِيَ ذِي.
A structure meaning "here/there [pronoun] is". It combines هَا (particle of attention), a pronoun (e.g., هُوَ, أَنَا, هِيَ), and a demonstrative (ذَا, ذِي). Examples: هَا هُوَ ذَا (here he is), هَا أَنَا ذَا (here I am), هَا هِيَ ذِي (here she is).
يَأْتِي بَعْدَهُ مَصْدَرٌ مُؤَوَّلٌ (أَنْ + فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ). يَجِبُ أَنْ أَخْرُجَ (أَيْ: يَجِبُ الْخُرُوجُ). يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ عَلَيْهِ حَرْفُ الْجَرِّ (عَلَى): يَجِبُ عَلَيْنَا أَنْ نَفْهَمَ الْقُرْآنَ.
The verb "يَجِبُ" (it is necessary/one must) is often followed by an interpreted verbal noun (أَنْ + present verb). Example: "I must go out" (Lit: It is necessary that I go out). The preposition "عَلَى" (on) can be used to specify for whom it is necessary (e.g., "We must understand the Quran").
مَصْدَرُ الْفِعْلِ ذَهَبَ: ذَهَابٌ. أُرِيدُ الذَّهَابَ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ.
The verbal noun (maṣdar) of ذَهَبَ is ذَهَابٌ (going/departure). Example: "I want to go home."