المصادر المعينة على فهم كتب المدينة
الْكِتَابُ الثَّانِي مِنْ سِلْسِلَةِ تَعْلِيمِ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ لِغَيْرِ النَّاطِقِينَ بِهَا - الْمُسْتَوَى الْمُتَوَسِّطُ
The second book in the Arabic language learning series for non-native speakers - Intermediate level
الدَّرْسُ الْحَادِي وَالْعِشْرُونَ
Lesson 21
يُقَدِّمُ هَذَا الدَّرْسُ حَرْفَيِ الْجَزْمِ "لَمْ" وَ "لَمَّا" وَعَمَلَهُمَا فِي جَزْمِ الْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ وَقَلْبِ زَمَنِهِ إِلَى الْمَاضِي. كَمَا يُعَرِّفُ بِأَقْسَامِ الْكَلِمَةِ، وَالْجُمْلَتَيْنِ الِاسْمِيَّةِ وَالْفِعْلِيَّةِ، وَاسْمَيِ الْمَوْصُولِ لِجَمْعِ الْمُؤَنَّثِ "اللَّاتِي" وَ "اللَّائِي".
This lesson introduces the jussive particles "لَمْ" (lam - did not) and "لَمَّا" (lammā - not yet) and their function in making the present tense verb jussive and changing its tense to the past. It also defines the parts of speech, nominal and verbal sentences, and the feminine plural relative pronouns "اللَّاتِي" and "اللَّائِي".
لَمْ: حَرْفُ جَزْمٍ وَنَفْيٍ يَجْزِمُ الْفِعْلَ الْمُضَارِعَ، وَيَقْلِبُ زَمَنَهُ إِلَى الزَّمَنِ الْمَاضِي. لَمَّا: مِثْلُ لَمْ، وَلَكِنَّهَا تُفِيدُ اسْتِمْرَارَ النَّفْيِ إِلَى الْحَالِ مَعَ تَوَقُّعِ الْحُصُولِ.
"لَمْ" (did not) and "لَمَّا" (not yet) are particles that make the present tense verb jussive (majzūm) and change its tense to the past. "لَمَّا" implies the negation continues to the present with an expectation that the action will occur.
لَمْ أَذْهَبْ، لَمَّا تَذْهَبْ: عَلَامَةُ الْجَزْمِ السُّكُونُ. لَمْ يَذْهَبُوا، لَمَّا تَذْهَبِي: عَلَامَةُ الْجَزْمِ حَذْفُ النُّونِ. لَمْ يَذْهَبْنَ، لَمَّا تَذْهَبْنَ: مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى السُّكُونِ فِي مَحَلِّ جَزْمٍ.
Signs of jussive: sukūn (e.g., لَمْ أَذْهَبْ). Omission of nūn (حَذْفُ النُّونِ) for the "Five Verbs" (e.g., لَمْ يَذْهَبُوا). Verbs with nūn an-niswah are built on sukūn but are in a state of jussive (فِي مَحَلِّ جَزْمٍ).
لَمْ أَكْتُبْ (قَدْ يَكْتُبُ، وَقَدْ لَا يَكْتُبُ). لَمَّا أَكْتُبْ (مَا كَتَبْتُ إِلَى الْآنَ، وَسَأَكْتُبُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللهُ). فِي الْجَوَابِ: أَكَتَبْتَ الْوَاجِبَ؟ لَمْ أَكْتُبْ. / لَمَّا (يَجُوزُ حَذْفُ الْفِعْلِ مَعَ لَمَّا).
"لَمْ أَكْتُبْ" (I did not write) implies the action didn't happen. "لَمَّا أَكْتُبْ" (I have not written yet) implies it hasn't happened but is expected. In response to a question, the verb can be omitted after "لَمَّا" (e.g., Answer: "Not yet." - لَمَّا).
الِاسْمُ، الْفِعْلُ (مَاضٍ، مُضَارِعٌ، أَمْرٌ)، الْحَرْفُ.
The three parts of speech: Noun (اسْم), Verb (فِعْل - past, present, imperative), Particle (حَرْف).
الْجُمْلَةُ الِاسْمِيَّةُ: تَبْدَأُ بِالِاسْمِ (مُبْتَدَأٌ وَخَبَرٌ). الطَّالِبُ مُجْتَهِدٌ. الْجُمْلَةُ الْفِعْلِيَّةُ: تَبْدَأُ بِالْفِعْلِ (فِعْلٌ وَفَاعِلٌ). خَرَجَ الْمُدَرِّسُ.
Nominal Sentence (جُمْلَةٌ اسْمِيَّةٌ): Starts with a noun (subject + predicate). Example: "The student is hardworking." Verbal Sentence (جُمْلَةٌ فِعْلِيَّةٌ): Starts with a verb (verb + doer). Example: "The teacher left."
اسْمَانِ مَوْصُولَانِ لِجَمْعِ الْمُؤَنَّثِ. الطَّالِبَاتُ اللَّاتِي/اللَّائِي خَرَجْنَ...
"اللَّاتِي" and "اللَّائِي" are both relative pronouns for the feminine plural ("those who/which"). Example: "The female students who left..."